Ownership and Funding

Ownership Concepts:

• Public Service Broadcasting - This is broadcasting that is not merely targeting commercial interests and gains, but instead aims at the public with a service that benefits them. Examples of this are radio stations like BBC Radio 1, BBC Radio Norfolk and KISS FM. These are radio stations that are broadcast across the country, be it at home, in the car or in a shop, so it's always going to reach the consumer.

• Commercial Broadcasting - This is broadcasting such as television and radio that is based on advertising and making a profit for the company, which are usually privately owned. An example of this is Compare the Market sponsoring Coronation Street. This is a company that has agreed a deal with Coronation Street so that whenever the show is broadcast, it comes with multiple adverts for said company.

• Corporate and Private Ownership - Corporate ownership is when there can be a number of owners of a product/company, but the business is turned into a corporation, which is a different legal identity. Corporate ownership allows the business to last indefinitely even if the initial owner disappears out of the equation. Private Ownership is when a company is owned by people or organizations that are not part of the government and doesn't trade publicly on a securities exchange, which allows regulations that exist in public ownership to be avoided making the process a lot easier. An example of a privately owned company is Archant Limited which is a                                                         family owned newspaper business based in Norwich. Being family owned means that all funding comes from within, privately, and doesn't require resources from outside parties.

• Global Companies - Global Companies are companies that operate in two or more countries, providing a much broader consumer base, along with the legal challenges and other issues that arise when working internationally. Examples of Global Companies are Microsoft and McDonald's. In terms of the media industry Warner Brothers is a good example, as it has locations all over the globe. This is a media company that only produces film, TV and music products but pushes it's products all across the globe, making it known worldwide. 

• Vertical Integration - This is where the supply chain of a company is owned by said company. Each part of the chain produce a different product and then all combine at the finish line in order to satisfy a common need. An example of this is Time Warner who own Warner Brothers, as unlike Warner Brothers who only specialize in film, Time Warner also make newspapers and theme parks. This is so that they reach a greater number of different audiences. meaning more success and profits in the long run. 

• Horizontal Integration - This is when the company which produces units for distribution that are alike others, either in a complementary or competitive way. A good example of this is Walt Disney, as it started out as an animation studio targeting younger audiences and families, it developed horizontally and integrated live action films such as the Pirates of the Caribbean series. This is a film series that is not animated, but still appeals to younger audiences with it's use of characters, story and script. As well as the younger audiences, this reaches to new audiences who aren't fans of animation for example. 

Funding Types:

• The Licence Fee - This is an amount of money paid by an individual or business to a government agency in order for the right to perform a certain service or engage in a specific line of business that they previously couldn't. An example of this in the media world is paying a TV license, allowing you to watch television broadcasts legally. This is so broadcasters can make more profit and then produce further content.

• Subscription - This is an agreement to receive something, often media production or publications on a regular basis, be in weekly, monthly or yearly by paying for it in advance. Examples of this would be Trade Unions and Netflix. Netflix is an online service that holds thousands of films and programmes in its vast library for viewers to watch at their leisure. It requires a small monthly fee to watch, but after that you can watch as much as you like, there are no limits.

• One-off Payment to own product - This is where a single payment is handed over by the individual and in return they receive the product and complete ownership rights of it, it is now their property. This could be used to own just about anything you can buy. In the world of TV and Film, a one-off payment will typically be paid when signing onto a TV provider who will give you a television box and install it. Examples of these are a Sky Box and a Tivo Box. These are boxes that allow the viewer to record and store shows and films that they have previously watched or plan to in the future. 

• Pay per View - This is a service used majorly with television, in which a one off payment is required to watch a specific programme or movie. An example of this is the Sky Sports Box Office channel that is only active when a huge sporting event is taking place such as Boxing or WWE. These are exclusive to the channel and this allows broadcasters to charge a premium price for the luxury of watching it.

• Sponsorship - The position of being a sponsor, where you provide money. This could be for a charity where you do it privately, or for a sports team of television show, where you sponsor them and in return your business name/product are advertised every time the sponsored source makes an appearance. An example of this would be Fly Emirates sponsoring Arsenal FC. The reason they sponser is so that their company is getting shown to the consumer of what they're sponsoring, generating new interest and acknowledgement they previously may have not had.

• Advertising - This is the activity of producing advertisements for a product or service in order to gain profits. Examples of this are television adverts. They will be seen between shows by countless people planting the product or service in the viewers mind which they may follow up on later. The reasoning behind this is that viewers of TV shows don't tend to move whilst their is a break, so they will watch all of the adverts and with the vast amount of people watching, it's almost certain that someone will take an interest in what's being advertised.
  

• Product Placement - This is where a brand pays another in order to have their name/product advertised by the other. This often happens in films in the modern day, such as Transformers: Age Of Extinction. In this film there are multiple uses of product placement for brands including Red Bull, Victoria's Secret and Budweiser. This is becoming more common as huge films that are going to be seen by millions are an easy way to advertise a product.

• Private Capital - This is a capital that is not quoted on any public exchange, but instead consists of investors and funds all handled privately out of sight. An example of this is Megan Ellison who's funds for her film producing come from within the family, allowing her to become a big name in the producing world. This is useful as it means that outside parties don't have to be involved that can often provide issues for other companies.

• Crowd-funding - This is the process of funding something by raising small amounts of money by a lot of people. This is often done online. Examples of this are charities such as Cancer Research and the RSPCA. In the Media world, an example is Kickstarter which is funded by donations to make films. This is a company that takes donations from the public and gives them to new producers that are starting up and need a helping hand to really get them going. If those producers then get big, they will remember who helped them out and donate themselves for the next generation. 

• Development Funds - This is where money is injected/invested into areas that were previously struggling and need a boost. BFI (British Film Institute) is an example of this as it exists in order to promote greater understanding, appreciation of and access to the film and moving image culture in the UK. This is to generate more interest and respect for the industry, that could lead to funding, new careers and new ideas.